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Contents

1. Social Work Assessments under the Children Act 1989
2. The Purpose of a Social Work Assessment
3. Process of Social Work Assessments
4. Communication
5. Focus on the Child
6. Planning
7. Developing a Clear Analysis
8. Contribution of the Child and Family
9. Contribution of Agencies Involved with the Child and Family
10. Actions and Outcomes
11. Regular Review
12. Timescales
13. Pre-birth 'Good Practice Steps'
14. Recording
15. Principles for a Good Social Work Assessment
16. 16 and 17 year olds who may be Homeless and/or require Accommodation
17. Assessing Family Abroad
18. Assessment of Risk Outside the Home

1. Social Work Assessments under the Children Act 1989

Under the Children Act 1989, local authorities undertake Social Work Assessments of the needs of individual children to determine what services to provide and action to take:

• A Child in Need is defined under the Children Act 1989 as a child who is unlikely to achieve or maintain a satisfactory level of health or development, or their health and development will be significantly impaired, without the provision of services; or a child who is disabled. In these cases, Assessments by a social worker are carried out under Section 17 of the Children Act 1989. Children in Need may be assessed under section 17 of the Children Act 1989, in relation to their Special Educational Needs, disabilities, or as a carer, or because they have committed a crime. The process for Social Work Assessment should also be used for children whose parents are in prison and for unaccompanied migrant children and child victims of modern slavery. When assessing Children in Need and providing services, assessments may be required and, where possible, should be coordinated so that the child and family experience a coherent process and a single plan of action;
• The need to assess can also include pre-birth situations when a mother's or the mother’s partners own circumstances would give cause for concern that the pre-birth, and then born, child would come within the definition of being a 'child in need' (see Section 11.1, Pre-birth ‘Good Practice Steps’);
• Concerns about maltreatment may be the reason for a Referral to local authority children's social care or concerns may arise during the course of providing services to the child and family. In these circumstances, local authority children's social care must initiate enquiries to find out what is happening to the child and whether protective action is required. Local authorities, with the help of other organisations as appropriate, also have a duty to make enquiries under Section 47 of the Children Act 1989 if they have reasonable cause to suspect that a child is suffering, or is likely to suffer, Significant Harm, to enable them to decide whether they should take any action to safeguard and promote the child's welfare. Such enquiries, supported by other organisations and agencies as appropriate, should be initiated where there are concerns about all forms of abuse and neglect. This includes female genital mutilation and other honour- based violence, and extra-familial threats including radicalisation and sexual or criminal exploitation. There may be a need for immediate protection whilst the Social Work Assessment is carried out;
• Some Children in Need may require accommodation because there is no one who has Parental Responsibility for them, or because they are alone or abandoned. Under Section 20 of the Children Act 1989, the local authority has a duty to accommodate such children in need in their area. Following an application under section 31A, where a child is the subject of a Care Order, the local authority, as a corporate parent, must assess the child's needs and draw up a Care Plan which sets out the services which will be provided to meet the child's identified needs.

2. The Purpose of Social Work Assessment

Whatever legislation the child is assessed under; the purpose of the Social Work Assessment is always:

• To gather important information about a child and family;
• To analyse their needs and/or the nature and level of any risk and harm being suffered by the child;
• To decide whether the child is a Child in Need (Section 17) and/or is suffering or likely to suffer Significant Harm (Section 47);
• To provide support to address those needs to improve the child's outcomes and welfare and, where necessary, to make them safe;
• Assessments for some children will require particular care. This is especially so for young carers; children with special educational needs (including to inform and be informed by Education, Health and Care Plans); unborn children where there are concerns regarding the parent(s); children in hospital; children with specific communication needs; unaccompanied migrant children; children considered at risk of gang activity and association with organised crime groups; children at risk of female genital mutilation; children who are in the youth justice system and children returning home following a period of Accommodation;
• Every assessment must be informed by the views of the child as well as the family, and a child’s wishes and feelings must be sought regarding the provision of services to be delivered.

3. Process of Social Work Assessments

Social Work Assessment should be a continuous process which has the needs of the child at the centre and demonstrate an understanding of the child and family and their journey through services. A Social Work Assessment will build on information already known as a result of an Early Help Assessment (EHA) and Team around the Child (TAC tier 2) activity.

The Social Work Assessment should be led by a qualified social worker and supervised by a social work manager or team leader. Principal social workers should support social workers, the local authority and partners to develop their assessment practice and decision making skills, and the practice methodology that underpins this.

The date of the commencement of the Social Work Assessment will be recorded on the case management system (EIS) Social Work Assessment Template on the child’s case file.

The social worker should carefully plan that the following are carried out:

• Make contact with the referrer on day 1 of allocation;
• Review existing records and known history of the child with reference to any siblings records if these exist;
• Make arrangements to review case files held in other local authorities if this is relevant;
• Compile (or add to) a comprehensive chronology and record this on the case management system (by day 10);
• Determine what the parents should be told of any concerns;
• See/interview the child (by day 10 at the latest);
• The child should be seen by the allocated social worker without their caregivers when appropriate and this should be recorded in the Social Work Assessment;
• Consider whether to see the child with the parents;
• Interview the parents and any other relevant family members, including non-resident parents and any party with parental responsibility;
• Consult with and consider contributions from all relevant agencies, including agencies covering previous addresses in the UK and abroad;
• Ensure that all information about services provided by services for the parents/carers as adults such as mental health services, services for drug and alcohol dependency etc. are properly obtained and considered within the Social Work Assessment;
• Contact the child and parent/carers GP and advise that an Social Work Assessment has been opened and request any relevant information be provided;
• Ensure contact details of all relevant agencies with the child and family are properly recorded on the case management system.

In the unlikely event it is determined that a child should not be seen as part of the Social Work Assessment, this should be recorded by the team leader with reasons.

Before a Referral is discussed with other agencies, the consent of the parent(s) should usually be sought, unless this may place the child at risk of Significant Harm.

Everyone who comes into contact with the child and family has a role to play in the Social Work Assessment; this includes for example, GP, Police, Health, Education, CYPMHS, YOS, MOSAIC, Probation, adult mental health services, drug and alcohol services, etc.

If during the course of the Social Work Assessment, it is discovered that a school age child is not attending an educational establishment, the social worker should contact the local education service to establish a reason for this.

If there is suspicion that a crime may have been committed including sexual or physical assault or neglect of the child, the Police must be notified immediately.

4. Communication

In planning the Social Work Assessment and in providing the parent and child with feedback, the social worker will need to consider and address any communication issues, for example language or impairment.

Where a child or parent speaks a language other than that spoken by the social worker, such as those who are unaccompanied children, and those children who are victims of modern slavery and/or trafficking, an interpreter should be provided. Any decision not to use an interpreter in such circumstances must be approved by the team leader and recorded.

Where a child or parent with disabilities has communication difficulties it may be necessary to use alternatives to speech. In communicating with a child with such an impairment, it may be particularly useful to involve a person who knows the child well and is familiar with the child's communication methods. However, caution should be given in using family members to facilitate communication. Where the child has had a communication Social Work Assessment, its conclusions and recommendations should be observed.

NOTE: Where the parents have learning disabilities, it may be necessary to adapt communications to meet their needs – for further information, see the section on Good Practice in the Greater Manchester Safeguarding Procedures Manual, Children of Parents with Learning Disabilities Procedure and Good practice guidance on working with parents with a learning disability (2007) updated 2016.

5. Focus on the Child

Every Social Work Assessment must be child centred. Where there is conflict between the needs of the child and their parents/carers, decision should be made in the child’s best interests.

Children should to be seen and listened to and included throughout the Social Work Assessment process. Their ways of communicating should be understood in the context of their family and community as well as their behaviour and developmental stage. It is important that the impact of what is happening to a child is clearly identified and that information is gathered, recorded and checked systematically, and discussed with the child and their parents/carers where appropriate.

Social Work Assessments, service provision and decision making should regularly review the impact of the Social Work Assessment process and the services provided on the child so that the best outcomes for the child can be achieved. Any services provided should be based on a clear analysis of the child’s needs, and the changes that are required to improve the outcomes for the child.

Children should be actively involved in all parts of the process based upon their age, developmental stage and identity. Direct work with the child and family should include observations of the interactions between the child and the parents/care givers.

All agencies involved with the child, the parents and the wider family have a duty to collaborate and share information to safeguard and promote the welfare of the child.

6. Planning

All Social Work Assessments should be planned and coordinated by a social worker and the purpose of the Social Work Assessment should be transparent, understood and agreed by all participants. There should be an agreed statement setting out the aims of the Social Work Assessment process.

Referrals may include siblings or a single child within a sibling group. Where the initial focus for a referral is on one child, other children in the household or family should be equally considered, and the individual circumstances of each assessed and evaluated separately.

Planning should identify the different elements of the Social Work Assessment including who should be involved. It is expected that a Team around the Child meeting (TAC tier 3) will be held during the course of the Social Work Assessment to clarify roles, actions and timescales as well as services to be provided where there are a number of family members and agencies likely to play a part in the process.

Questions to be considered in planning Social Work Assessments include:

• Who will undertake the Social Work Assessment and what resources will be needed?
• Who in the family will be included and how will they be involved (including absent or wider family and others significant to the child)?
• In what grouping will the child and family members be seen and in what order and where?
• What services are to be provided during the Social Work Assessment?
• Are there communication needs? If so, what are the specific needs and how they will be met?
• How will the Social Work Assessment take into account the particular issues faced by black and minority ethnic children and their families, and disabled children and their families?
• What method of collecting information will be used? Are there any tools / questionnaires available?
• What information is already available?
• What other sources of knowledge about the child and family are available and how will other agencies and professionals who know the family be informed and involved?
• How will the consent of family members be obtained?
• What will be the timescales?
• How will the information be recorded?
• How will it be analysed and who will be involved?
• When will the outcomes be discussed and service planning take place.

The Social Work Assessment process can be summarised as follows:

• Gathering relevant information;
• Analysing the information and reaching professional judgments;
• Making decisions and planning interventions;
• Intervening, service delivery and/or further assessment;
• Evaluating and reviewing progress.

Social Work Assessment should be a dynamic process, which analyses and responds to the changing nature and level of need and/or risk faced by the child from within and outside their family. A good Social Work Assessment will monitor and record the impact of any services delivered to the child and family and review the help being delivered. Whilst services may be delivered to a parent or carer, the Social Work Assessment should be focused on the needs of the child and on the impact any services are having on the child.

7. Developing a Clear Analysis

Research has demonstrated that taking a systematic approach to Social Work Assessments using a conceptual model is the best way to deliver a comprehensive analysis. A good Social Work Assessment is one which investigates the three domains; set out in the Assessment Framework Triangle.

Environmental Factors

Children may be vulnerable to neglect and abuse or exploitation from within their family but increasingly also from individuals they come across in their day-to-day lives. These threats can take a variety of different forms, including: sexual, physical and emotional abuse; neglect; exploitation by criminal gangs and organised crime groups; trafficking; online abuse; sexual exploitation and the influences of extremism leading to radicalisation.

The interaction of these domains requires careful investigation during the Assessment. The aim is to reach a judgement about the nature and level of needs and/or risks that the child may be facing within their family and/or community. Importantly the assessment, in looking at the domains, should also consider where the strengths are in a child’s circumstances and in what way they may assist in reducing the risk.

A Social Work Assessment should establish:

• The nature of the concern and the impact this has had on the child;
• An analysis of their needs and/or the nature and level of any risk and harm being suffered by the child;
• How and why the concerns have arisen;
• What the child's and the family's needs appear to be and whether the child is a Child in Need;
• Whether the concern involves abuse or Neglect and the extent and impact of any influence of wider family and any other adults living in the household on this, as well as community and environmental circumstances;
• Whether there is any need for any urgent action to protect the child, or any other children in the household or wider community;
• Whether there are any factors that may indicate that the child is being or has been criminally or sexually exploited or trafficked;
• Note: if there is a concern with regards to trafficking, a referral into the National Referral Mechanism should be made. See - GOV.UK, Digital Referral System: Report Modern Slavery.

The Social Work Assessment will involve drawing together and analysing available information from a range of sources, including existing records, and involving and obtaining relevant information from professionals in relevant agencies and others in contact with the child and family. Where an Early Help Assessment has already been completed this information should be used to inform the Social Work Assessment. The child and family’s history should be fully understood.

Where a child is involved in other assessment processes, it is important that these are coordinated so that the child does not become lost between the different agencies involved and their different procedures. All plans for the child developed by the various agencies and individual professionals should be joined up so that the child and family experience a single assessment and planning process, which shares a focus on the outcomes for the child.

The social worker should analyse all the information gathered from the enquiry stage of the Social Work Assessment to decide the nature and level of the child's needs and the level of risk, if any, they may be facing. Social workers should have access to high quality supervision from a Practice Supervisor who will help challenge their assumptions as part of this process. Critical reflection through supervision should strengthen the analysis in each assessment. The social work team leader should provide regular supervision and challenge the social worker's assumptions as part of this process. An informed decision should be taken on the nature of any action required and which services should be provided. Social workers, their team leaders and other professionals should be mindful of the requirement to understand the level of need and risk in a family from the child's perspective and ensure action or commission services which will have maximum positive impact on the child's life. Where there is a conflict of interest, decisions should be made in the child’s best interests, be rooted in child development, be age-appropriate, and be informed by evidence.

When new information comes to light or circumstances change the child’s needs and/or levels of risk, the social work assessment should be updated. Any previous conclusions should be updated and critically reviewed to ensure that the child is not overlooked as noted in many lessons from Serious Case Reviews and child safeguarding practice reviews.

Working Together to Safeguard Children describes a high quality Social Work Assessment as one in which evidence is built and revised throughout the process. A social worker may arrive at a judgement early in the Social Work Assessment (first analysis) but this may need to be revised as the Social Work Assessment progresses as further information comes to light. It is a characteristic of skilled practice that social workers revisit their assumptions in light of new evidence and take action to revise their decision in the best interest of the individual child.

8. Contribution of the Child and Family

The Child

The child should participate and contribute directly to the Social Work Assessment process based upon their age, understanding and identity. They should be seen alone and if this is not possible or in their best interest, the reason should be recorded. The social worker should work directly with the child in order to understand their perspective, views and wishes, including the way in which they behave both with their care givers and in other settings. The social worker should use appropriate tools to assist with the assessment.

The pace of the Social Work Assessment needs to acknowledge the pace at which the child can contribute. However, this should not be a reason for delay in taking protective action. It is important to understand the resilience of the individual child in their family and community context when planning appropriate services.

Every Social Work Assessment should be child centred. Where there is a conflict between the needs of the child and their parents/carers, decisions should be made in the child's best interests. The parents should be involved at the earliest opportunity unless to do so would prejudice the safety of the child.

The Parents/carers

The parents’/carers meaningful engagement in the Social Work Assessment will be central to its success. At the outset they need to understand how they can contribute to the process and what is expected of them to change in order to improve the outcomes for the child. The Social Work Assessment process must be open and transparent with the parents and should also challenge parents’ statements and behaviour where it is evidenced that there are inconsistencies, questions or obstacles to progress. All parents including non-resident) or care givers and all people with Parental Responsibility for the child/ren should be involved equally in the Social Work Assessment and should be supported to participate. However, the welfare of the child must not be overshadowed by parental needs.

There may be exceptions to the involvement in cases of Sexual Abuse or Domestic Violence and Abuse for example, where the plan for the Social Work Assessment must consider the safety of an adult as well as that of the child. The rationale for not including a significant adult in the Social Work Assessment must be approved and recorded by the team manager.

9. Contribution of Agencies Involved with the Child and Family

All agencies and professionals involved with the child, and the family, have a responsibility to contribute to the Social Work Assessment process. This might take the form of providing information in a timely manner and direct or joint work.

It is possible that professionals have different experiences of the child and family and understanding these differences will actively contribute to the understanding of the child / family.

The professionals should be involved from the outset and through the agreed, regular process of review.

The social worker’s supervisor will have a key role in supporting the practitioner to ensure all relevant agencies are involved.

Agencies providing services to adults, who are parents, carers or who have regular contact with children must consider the impact on the child of the particular needs of the adult in question.

Differences of opinion between professionals should be resolved speedily but where this is not possible, the team leader should support the social worker find a resolution and if necessary escalate to senior leader to assist.

10. Actions and Outcomes

Every Social Work Assessment should be focused on outcomes, deciding which services and support to provide to deliver improved welfare for the child and reflect the child’s best interests. In the course of the Social Work Assessment, the social worker and their line manager should determine:

• Is this a Child in Need? (Section 17 Children Act 1989);
• Is there reasonable cause to suspect that this child is suffering, or is likely to suffer, Significant Harm? (Section 47 Children Act 1989);
• Is this a child in need of accommodation? (Section 20 or Section 31A Children Act 1989).

The possible outcomes of the Social Work Assessment should be decided on by the social worker and their line manager, who should agree a plan of action setting out the services to be delivered how and by whom in discussion with the child and family and the professionals involved.

The outcomes may be as follows:

• No further action;

• Additional support which can be provided through universal services and single service provision or early help services;

• The development of a multi-agency Team Around the Child (TAC tier 3) plan for the provision of child in need services to promote the child's health and development;
• Specialist assessment for a more in-depth understanding of the child's needs and circumstances;
• Undertaking a Strategy Discussion/Meeting, a Section 47 child protection enquiry;
• Emergency action to protect a child.

The outcome of the Social Work Assessment should be:

• Discussed with the child and family and provided to them in written form. Exceptions to this are where this might place a child at risk of harm or jeopardise an enquiry or Police investigation;
• Taking account of confidentiality, provided to professional referrers;
• Given in writing to agencies involved in providing services to the child with the action points, review dates and intended outcomes for the child stated.

 11. Regular Review

The plan for undertaking the Social Work Assessment must set out timescales for the actions to be met and the points at which the Social Work Assessment progress will be reviewed. The work with the child and family during the Social Work Assessment should ensure that the agreed points are achieved through regular reviews. Where delays or obstacles occur these must be acted on and the Social Work Assessment plan must be reviewed if any circumstances change for the child.

The social worker’s line manager must review the progress of the Social Work Assessment regularly with the social worker and ensure that actions such as those below have been met:

• There has been direct communication with the child alone and their views and wishes have been recorded and taken into account when providing services;
• All the children in the household have been seen and their needs considered;
• The child's home address has been visited and the child's bedroom has been seen;
• The parents have been seen and their views and wishes have been recorded and taken into account;
• The analysis and evaluation has been completed;
• The Social Work Assessment provides clear evidence for decisions on what types of services are needed to provide good outcomes for the child and family.

'Working Together to Safeguard Children' reminds all professionals of the importance of when reviewing progress and that a ‘high quality assessment is one in which evidence is built and revised throughout the process and takes account of family history and the child’s experience of cumulative abuse. A social worker may arrive at a judgement early in the case but this may need to be revised as the case progresses and further information comes to light. It is a characteristic of skilled practice that social workers revisit their assumptions in the light of new evidence and take action to revise their decisions in the best interests of the individual child. Decision points and review points involving the child and family and relevant practitioners should be used to keep the assessment on track. This is to ensure that help is given in a timely and appropriate way and that the impact of this help is analysed and evaluated in terms of the improved outcomes and welfare of the child’

12. Timescales

Social Work Assessments should be proportionate and the time taken to carry out a Social Work Assessment will be determined by the child’s needs and the level of any harm being suffered. Stockport’s Social work Social Work Assessment and planning framework sets out the ‘check points’ at which an Social Work Assessments progress is reviewed and the timescales for this:

Where a Social Work Assessment is required under s47 of the Children Act 1989, urgent child protection concerns will be prioritised without delay and an immediate visit to assess the child’s welfare will take place.

When a s17 CA1989 Social Work Assessment is allocated the social worker and team manager will use their professional expertise and judgement to consider the response required and timescale for this. All children must be seen within 10 days of the Social Work Assessment starting and this must be recorded on the ‘child seen’ panel in the Social Work Assessment template on EIS.

The social worker should analyse all the information gathered from the enquiry stage of the Social Work Assessment to decide on the nature and level of the child’s needs including an assessment of risk. This is recorded as the ‘first analysis’ on the Social Work Assessment template. The social worker and team leader must review the progress of the Social Work Assessment and consider the ’first analysis’ of the child’s needs and risk at the earliest opportunity, no later than day 15. If the Social Work Assessment has not concluded by this point, the discussion will consider and confirm the timescale for completing the Social Work Assessment and any intervention required.

Whatever the timescale for Social Work Assessment, where particular needs are identified at any stage of the assessment social workers should not wait until the Social Work Assessment reaches a conclusion before calling in appropriate support for the child and their families. Where need and intervention is identified form more than one agency the social worker will convene a TAC meeting as part of the Social Work Assessment process to review and confirm the plan.

Many social work Social Work Assessments will reach a final analysis and be authorised by the team leader in less than 45 days. The maximum time frame for the Social Work Assessment to conclude, such that it is possible to reach a decision on next steps, should be no longer than 45 working days from the point of Referral. If, in exceptional circumstances, in discussion with a child and their family and other professionals, a Social Work Assessment exceeds 45 working days, the social worker and professionals involved should record the reasons for exceeding the time limit.

13. Pre-birth 'Good Practice Steps'

In a High Court judgment (Nottingham City Council v LW & Ors (2016) EWHC 11(Fam) (19 February 2016)) Keehan J set out five points of basic and fundamental good practice steps with respect to public law proceedings regarding pre-birth and newly born children and particularly where Children’s Services are aware at a relatively early stage of the pregnancy.

In respect of Social Work Assessment, these were:

• A Social Work Assessment of the parent(s) should ‘commence immediately upon the social workers being made aware of the mother’s pregnancy’;
• Any Social Work Assessment should be completed at least 4 weeks before the mother’s expected delivery date;
• The Social Work Assessment should be updated to take into account relevant events pre - and post-delivery where these events could affect an initial conclusion in respect of risk and care planning of the child;
• The Social Work Assessment should be disclosed upon initial completion to the parents and, if instructed, to their solicitor to give them the opportunity to challenge the Care Plan and risk Social Work Assessment.

(See Pre-Care and Care Proceedings Protocol for Greater Manchester: Social Work Guidance Pack Procedure.)

The Social Work Planning and Assessment Model Flowchart

Please click here to view, The Social Work Planning and Assessment Model Flowchart.

14. Recording

Recording by all professionals should include information on the child's development so that progress can be monitored to ensure their outcomes are improving. This is particularly significant in circumstances where Neglect is an issue.

Records should be kept of the progress of the Social Work Assessment on the individual child’s record and in their Chronology to monitor any patterns of concerns.

Social Work Assessment plans and action points arising from plans and meetings should be circulated to the participants including the child, if appropriate, and the parents.

The recording should be such that a child, requesting to access their records, could easily understand the process taking place and the reasons for decisions and actions taken.

Supervision records should reflect the reasoning for decisions and actions taken.

15. Principles for a Good Social Work Assessment

The assessment triangle in Working Together to Safeguard Children provides a model, which should be used to examine how the different aspects of the child’s life and context interact and impact on the child. It notes that it is important that:

“Assessment should be a dynamic process, which analyses and responds to the changing nature and level of need and/or risk faced by the child from within and outside their family. It is important that the impact of what is happening to a child is clearly identified and that information is gathered, recorded and checked systematically, and discussed with the child and their parents/carers where appropriate.”

Assessment Framework Triangle

16. 16 and 17 year olds who may be Homeless and/or require Accommodation

Where a 16 or 17 year old seeks help from local authority children’s services, or is referred to children’s services by some other person or agency as appearing to be homeless or threatened with homelessness, children’s services must carry out an assessment of what duties, if any, are owed to them. This includes 17 year olds who are approaching their 18th birthday, and young people who are pregnant or have children in their care.

If there is an imminent threat of homelessness, or if the young person is actually homeless, a child in need assessment must be carried out and the child accommodated under section 20 Children Act 1989, (although this can be refused by the child). (See Prevention of Homelessness and Provision of Accommodation for 16 and 17 year olds who may be Homeless and/or require Accommodation; and Duty to Refer Procedure).

Intentional Homelessness: See Homelessness Guidance for local authorities.

17. Assessing Family Abroad

An increasing number of cases involve families from abroad, necessitating Social Work Assessments of family members in other countries. However, the Court of Appeal has pointed out that it might not be professional, permissible or lawful for a social worker to undertake a Social Work Assessment in another jurisdiction. CFAB advise that enquiries should be made as to whether the Social Work Assessment can be undertaken by the authorities in the overseas jurisdiction. UK social workers should not routinely travel overseas to undertake Social Work Assessments in countries where they have no knowledge of legislative frameworks, cultural expectations or resources available to a child placed there.

18. Assessment of Risk Outside the Home

As well as threats to the welfare of children from within their families, children may be vulnerable to abuse or exploitation from outside their families. These extra-familial threats might arise at school and other educational establishments, from within peer groups, or more widely from within the wider community and/or online.

These threats can take a variety of different forms and children can be vulnerable to multiple threats, including: exploitation by criminal gangs and organised crime groups such as county lines; trafficking, online abuse; teenage relationship abuse (including controlling or coercive behaviour); sexual exploitation and the influences of extremism leading to radicalisation.

Assessments of children in such cases should consider whether wider environmental factors are undermining effective intervention being undertaken to reduce risk with the child and family. Parents and carers have little influence over the contexts in which the abuse takes place and the young person’s experiences of this extra-familial abuse can undermine parent-child relationships.

Where this is the case, the social worker should:

• Refer the child’s circumstances to relevant Multi-Agency work which addresses the concerns and risks in the neighbourhood or local authority;
• Identify the issues with their line-manager with a view to the local authority establishing a multi-agency intervention programme to meet community needs; or
• In specific circumstances, through their line-manager, seek to convene a Child in Need strategy/planning meeting with relevant partner agencies (e.g. school, police, relevant voluntary bodies, etc.) to explore specific interventions to address the safeguarding issues.

Within this context, children who may be alleged perpetrators should also be assessed to understand the impact of contextual issues on their safety and welfare.

Assessments of children in such cases should consider the individual needs and vulnerabilities of each child. They should look at the parental capacity to support the child, including helping the parents and carers to understand any risks and support them to keep children safe and assess potential risk to the child.

These interventions should focus on addressing both child and family and these wider environmental factors, which are likely to be a threat to the safety and welfare of a number of different children who may or may not be known to local authority Children’s Social Care. Effective information sharing and intelligence gathering is crucial in developing effective coordinated multi-agency responses.

End