Safeguarding Children and Young People from Sexual Exploitation

1. Introduction

The sexual exploitation of children and young people has been identified throughout the UK, in both rural and urban areas … It robs children of their childhood and can have a serious long-term impact on every aspect of their lives, health and education. It damages the lives of families and carers and can lead to family break-ups…. Children who are sexually exploited are the victims of sexual abuse and should be safeguarded from further harm. Sexually exploited children should not be regarded as criminals and the primary law enforcement response must be directed at perpetrators who groom children for sexual exploitation. (p 4)

Any child or young person may be at risk of sexual exploitation, regardless of their family background or other circumstances. This includes boys and young men as well as girls and young women. However, some groups are particularly vulnerable. These include children and young people who have a history of running away or of going missing from home, those with special needs, those in and leaving residential and foster care, migrant children, unaccompanied asylum seeking children, children who have disengaged from education and children who are abusing drugs and alcohol, and those involved in gangs (p 17). (Safeguarding Children and Young people from Sexual Exploitation, 2009)

Child sexual exploitation takes different forms - from a seemingly 'consensual' relationship where sex is exchanged for attention, affection, accommodation or gifts, to serious organised crime and child trafficking. Child sexual exploitation involves differing degrees of abusive activities, including coercion, intimidation or enticement, unwanted pressure from peers to have sex, sexual bullying (including cyber bullying), and grooming for sexual activity. There is increasing concern about the role of technology in Sexual Abuse, including via social networking and other internet sites and mobile phones. The key issue in relation to child sexual exploitation is the imbalance of power within the 'relationship'. The perpetrator always has power over the victim, increasing the dependence of the victim as the exploitative relationship develops.

Many children and young people are groomed into sexually exploitative relationships but other forms of entry exist. Some young people are engaged in informal economies that incorporate the exchange of sex for rewards such as drugs, alcohol, money or gifts. Others exchange sex for accommodation or money as a result of homelessness and experiences of poverty. Some young people have been bullied and threatened into sexual activities by peers or gangs which is then used against them as a form of extortion and to keep them compliant.

Children and young people may have already been sexually exploited before they are referred to children's social care; others may become targets of perpetrators whilst living at home or during placements. They are often the focus of perpetrators of Sexual Abuse due to their vulnerability. All staff and foster carers should therefore create an environment which educates children and young people about child sexual exploitation, involving relevant outside agencies where appropriate. They should encourage them to discuss any such concerns with them, another member of staff, or with someone from a specialist child sexual exploitation project, and also feel able to share any such concerns about their friends.

Dorset Family Support Workers should always consider Child Sexual Exploitation when working with young people. Child Sexual Exploitation takes place within a cross section of communities and many young people in Dorset are potentially at risk. Perpetrators may use social media to groom victims and can be sophisticated in their approach. Child Sexual Exploitation is not a phenomenon that is confined to big cities and towns.

2. Indicators of Possible Sexual Exploitation

Health

• Physical symptoms (bruising suggestive of either physical or sexual assault);
• Chronic fatigue;
• Recurring or multiple sexually transmitted infections;
• Pregnancy and/or seeking an abortion;
• Evidence of drug, alcohol or other substance misuse;
• Sexually risky behaviour.

Education

• Truancy/disengagement with education or considerable change in performance at school.

Emotional and Behavioural Issues

• Volatile behaviour exhibiting extreme array of mood swings or use of abusive language;
• Involvement in petty crime such as shoplifting, stealing;
• Secretive behaviour;
• Entering or leaving vehicles driven by unknown adults;
• Reports of being seen in places known to be used for sexual exploitation, including public toilets known for cottaging or adult venues (pubs and clubs).

Identity

• Low self-image, low self-esteem, self-harming behaviour, e.g. cutting, overdosing, eating disorder, promiscuity.

Relationships

• Hostility in relationships with staff, family members as appropriate and significant others;
• Physical aggression;
• Placement breakdown;
• Reports from reliable sources (e.g. family, friends or other professionals) suggesting the likelihood of involvement in sexual exploitation;
• Detachment from age-appropriate activities;
• Associating with other young people who are known to be sexually exploited;
• Known to be sexually active;
• Sexual relationship with a significantly older person, or younger person who is suspected of being abusive;
• Unexplained relationships with older adults;
• Possible inappropriate use of the Internet and forming relationships, particularly with adults, via the Internet;
• Phone calls, text messages or letters from unknown adults;
• Adults or older youths loitering outside the home;
• Persistently missing, staying out overnight or returning late with no plausible explanation;
• Returning after having been missing, looking well cared for in spite of having no known home base;
• Missing for long periods, with no known home base;
• Going missing and being found in areas where they have no known links.

Please note: Whilst the focus is often on older men as perpetrators, younger men and women may also be involved and staff should be aware of this possibility.

Social Presentation

• Change in appearance;
• Going out dressed in clothing unusual for them (inappropriate for age, borrowing clothing from older young people).

Family and Environmental Factors

• History of physical, sexual, and/or emotional abuse; neglect; domestic violence; parental difficulties.

Housing

• Pattern of previous street homelessness;
• Having keys to premises other than those known about.

Income

• Possession of large amounts of money with no plausible explanation;
• Acquisition of expensive clothes, mobile phones or other possessions without plausible explanation;
• Accounts of social activities with no plausible explanation of the source of necessary funding.

This list is not exhaustive.

Staff and foster carers should be aware that many children and young people who are sexually exploited do not see themselves as victims. In such situations, discussions with them about concerns should be handled with great sensitivity. Seeking prior advice from specialist agencies may be useful. This should not involve disclosing personal, identifiable information at this stage.

In assessing whether a child or young person is a victim of sexual exploitation, or at risk, careful consideration should be given to the issue of consent. It is important to bear in mind that:

• A child under the age of 13 is not legally capable of consenting to sex (it is statutory rape) or any other type of sexual touching;
• Sexual activity with a child under 16 is also an offence;
• It is an offence for a person to have a sexual relationship with a 16 or 17 year old if they hold a position of trust or authority in relation to them;
• Where sexual activity with a 16 or 17 year old does not result in an offence being committed, it may still result in harm, or the likelihood of harm being suffered;
• Non-consensual sex is rape whatever the age of the victim; and
• If the victim is incapacitated through drink or drugs, or the victim or his or her family has been subject to violence or the threat of it, they cannot be considered to have given true consent; therefore offences may have been committed;
• Child sexual exploitation is therefore potentially a child protection issue for all children under the age of 18 years and not just those in a specific age group.

The child sexual exploitation training staff and foster carers receive should also include what information should be given to the police in such cases, for example vehicle registration numbers, names, physical descriptions. It may also include what action staff should take in the case of suspected sexual or physical abuse in order to protect potential evidence, which may be useful in the case of an alleged perpetrator being prosecuted.

3. Children and Young People who go Missing

A significant number of children and young people who are being sexually exploited may go Missing from home or care, and education. Some go missing frequently; the more often they go missing the more vulnerable they are to being sexually exploited. If a child does go missing, the Children Missing from Home or Care Procedure should be followed. See Pan-Dorset Safeguarding Children Partnership (SCP) Polices and Procedures, Children Missing from Care, Home and Education.

Return Interviews with the child or young person can help in establishing why they went missing and the subsequent support that may be required, as well as preventing repeat incidents. Information gathered from return interviews can be used to inform the identification, Referral and Assessment of any child sexual exploitation cases. For Looked After Children, the Social Worker should complete the Return Home Interview and ensure the appropriate form is completed on MOSAIC; this allows for the potential identification of risk factors and strategic planning. Children who go missing from home receive Return Home Interviews from an independent voluntary organisation when potential risk from CSE is identified and referred by this organisation. Family Support should respond promptly to such referrals.

Dorset Council has put in place interim measures to support the new Police procedures in relation to Missing children. Return home interviews will be completed by either CRW's or an experienced Barnardos practitioner to ensure children who return home are offered a Return Home interview.

4. Referring Cases of Concern

See Contacts Procedure.

Where a member of staff or foster carer is concerned that a child or young person is involved in, or at risk of sexual exploitation they should contact the allocated social worker, or in their absence the Duty Social Worker at the earliest opportunity. Staff or foster carers should also contact the police, if they are concerned a crime has been, or may be, committed. The expectation is that if there are concerns about risk from Child Sexual Exploitation, the CSE Risk Assessment Tool will be used to define risk as either low, medium or high thus prompting the appropriate multi agency response. This CSE Risk Assessment Tool is to be found in the Inter Agency Procedures.

For medium and high risk cases, the expectation is that there will be a co-ordinated multi agency response involving the Police and the Practice Manager should ensure that this meeting takes place within appropriate timescales.

For children who are not know to Family Support Services, a Single Assessment will be required which will include reference to the referring agencies CSE Risk Assessment or include a CSE Risk Assessment undertaken by the Social Worker as part of the Single Assessment.

If the child or young person is not deemed to be in need and the CSE Risk Assessment Tool states low risk, then a co-ordinated Early Intervention/Locality approach will be appropriate. Family Support should ensure that this work has been accepted prior to closure of the case.

5. Supporting Children and Young People Out of Child Sexual Exploitation

All staff from statutory agencies and voluntary sector organisations must recognise the significant impact that Child Sexual Exploitation can have on children and young people and these young people should receive well co-ordinated support services from appropriate organisations. The types of intervention offered should be appropriate to their needs and should take full account of identified risk factors and their individual circumstances. This may include, for example, previous abuse, missing incidents, involvement in gangs and groups and/or child trafficking. Health services provided may include sexual health services and mental health services. Advice should be sought from the nearest specialist service which works with children and young people. Young people who have been sexually exploited maybe resistant to services and all those who work with them need to pro-actively engage and offer input. Referrals should be made to specialist services as appropriate with the young person's agreement. If agreement is not forthcoming, it may be necessary for workers to take advice from such services in any event.

For children who are Looked After issues raised and actions planned should be incorporated into the child's Care Plan and Placement Plan, and reviewed as part of the Looked After Child Review.

Because the effects of child sexual exploitation can last well into adulthood, support may be required over a long period of time. In such circumstances, effective links should be made between children and adult services and statutory and voluntary organisations. For young people who are Looked After, this should be incorporated into their Pathway Plan. 

6. Identifying and Prosecuting Perpetrators

The police and criminal justice agencies lead on the identification and prosecution of perpetrators. All practitioners, however, have a role in gathering, recording and sharing information with the police and other agencies, as appropriate and in agreement with them.

Staff and foster carers should bear in mind that sexual exploitation often does not occur in isolation and has links to other crime types, including:

• Child trafficking (into, out of and within the UK);
• Domestic Violence and Abuse;
• Sexual violence in intimate relationships;
• Grooming (both online and offline);
• Abusive images of children and their distribution (organised abuse);
• Organised sexual abuse of children;
• Drugs-related offences (dealing, consuming and cultivating);
• Gang-related activity;
• Immigration-related offences;
• Domestic servitude.

7. Supporting Children and Young People through Related Legal Proceedings

Where alleged perpetrators are arrested and charged with offences against children or young people, allocated staff and foster carers should ensure they are supported throughout the prosecution process and beyond. Specialist agencies should be involved in supporting the child or young person, as required. This may include using special measures to protect them when giving evidence in court for example. Independent Sexual Violence Advisers or specialist voluntary sector services, if available, may also have an important role to play.

See Pan-Dorset Safeguarding Children Partnership (SCP) Polices and Procedures.